Games of the XXIII Olympiad
Host city	Los Angeles, California, USA
Nations participating	140
Athletes participating	6,829 (5,263 men, 1,566 women)1
Events	221 in 23 sports
Opening ceremony	July 28
Closing ceremony	August 12
Officially opened by	President Ronald Reagan
Athlete's Oath	Edwin Moses (athlete)
Judge's Oath	Sharon Weber
Olympic Torch	Rafer Johnson (decathlete)
Stadium	Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

	"Olympic Fanfare and Theme" composed by John Williams for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles
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The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Los Angeles, California, United States in 1984. Los Angeles was selected as the host of the Games on May 18, 1978 on the 80th IOC session at Athens, Greece, without a vote, because it was the only city that submitted a bid to host the 1984 Summer Olympics. The only other interested city, Tehran, declined to bid. Many blamed this on the massive cost overruns of the 1976 Games, staged in Montreal.

In response to the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, 14 Eastern Bloc countries and allies including the Soviet Union, Cuba and East Germany (but not Romania) boycotted the Games. For differing reasons, Iran and Libya also boycotted. The USSR announced its intention not to participate on May 8, 1984, citing security concerns and "chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria being whipped up in the United States"². The Los Angeles boycott influenced a large number of events that were normally dominated by the absent countries. Boycotting countries organized a rival event in July-August 1984, called the Friendship Games.

The host state of California was the home state of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who officially opened the Games. He had served as governor of the state from 1967 to 1975. The official mascot of the Los Angeles Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle.

Torch Relay

The 1984 Olympic Torch Relay began in New York City and ended in Los Angeles, traversing 33 states and Washington, D.C. Unlike later torch relays, the torch was always carried by runners on foot. It covered more than 9,320 mi (15,000 km) and involved 3616 different runners, including 200 runners from the sponsoring company AT&T. O.J. Simpson was among the runners, carrying the torch up the California Incline in Santa Monica.

Rafer Johnson, winner of the decathlon at the 1960 Summer Olympics, was the final torch relay runner. He used the Olympic torch to activate a specially-built Olympic logo, whose flame would circle around the five Olympic rings. The cauldron above the logo was later activated by a switch used inside the press box of the Coliseum.

Music

John Williams composed the theme for the Olympiad, "Olympic Fanfare and Theme." This piece won a Grammy for Williams and became one of the most well-known musical themes of the Olympic Games, along with Leo Arnaud's Bugler's Dream; the latter is sometimes attached to the beginning of Olympic Fanfare and Theme. The famous Brazilian composer Sergio Mendes also composed a special song for the 1984 Olympic Games, "Olympia," from his 1984 album Confetti. A choir of several hundred voices was assembled of singers in the region. All were volunteers from nearby churches, schools and universities.

Highlights

• Carl Lewis made his first of four appearances in the Olympics, equalled the performance of Jesse Owens of 1936, and won four gold medals in the 100 m, 200 m, 4x100 m relay; and the Long jump.
• The first gold medal to be awarded at the Los Angeles Olympics was also the first-ever medal to be won by an athlete from China when Xu Haifeng won the 50 m Pistol event.
• Nawal El Moutawakel of Morocco became the first female Olympic champion of a Muslim nation, and the first of her country in the 400 m hurdles.
• Archer Neroli Fairhall from New Zealand was the first paraplegic Olympian at any Olympic Games.
• Carlos Lopes, from Portugal won the Marathon (2:09:21 - Olympic record that stood for 24 years). It was the first Gold Medal ever to Portugal.
• A marathon for women is held for the first time at the Olympics (won by Joan Benoit). The event is considered notable because of Swiss runner Gabi Andersen-Schiess, who - suffering from heat exhaustion - stumbled through the last lap, providing dramatic images.
• Synchronized swimming and rhythmic gymnastics debuted in Los Angeles as Olympic events, as did wind surfing.
• Following the IOC agreement to designate the Republic of China (Taiwan) Chinese Taipei, the People's Republic of China appeared in the Olympics as China and won 15 gold medals. In weightlifting, athletes from the Chinese Taipei and China teams won medals at the same event.
• Li Ning from the People's Republic of China won 6 medals in gymnastics, 3 gold, 2 silver, and 1 bronze, earning him the nickname "Prince of Gymnastics"^{citation needed} in China.
• Steve Redgrave won his first title in rowing of the record five he would go on to win in five Olympic competitions.
• Daley Thompson apparently missed a new world record in winning his second consecutive gold medal in the decathlon; the next year his score was retroactively raised to 8847, giving him the record.
• Victor Davis set a new world record in winning the gold medal in the 200-metre breaststroke in swimming.
• Mary Lou Retton became the first gymnast outside Eastern Europe to win the gymnastics all-around competition. Only 1 of the 11 women who won gold medals at the 1983 World Championships competed because of the boycott.
• In men's gymnastics, the American team won the Gold Medal.
• France won the Olympic soccer tournament, defeating Brazil 2-0 in the final. Olympic soccer was unexpectedly played before massive crowds throughout America, with several sell-outs at the 100,000+ seat Rose Bowl. This interest eventually led to the US hosting the 1994 FIFA World Cup.
• The opening ceremony featured the arrival of Bill Suitor by means of the Bell Aerosystems rocket pack (also known as a Jet Pack).
• The Soviet-led boycott affected weightlifting more than any other sport: 94 of the world's top 100 ranked lifters were absent, as were 29 of the 30 medalists from the recent world championships. All 10 of the defending world champions in the 10 weight categories were absent.
• Eleven athletes failed drug tests at the Los Angeles Games. It was reported that as many as 17 other "A samples" were found to be positive but, as the athletes' code numbers were missing, no "B samples" were tested^{citation needed}.

Venues

Los Angeles venues

• Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum - opening/closing ceremonies, athletics
• Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena - boxing
• Dodger Stadium - baseball
• Pauley Pavilion, University of California, Los Angeles - gymnastics
• Eagles Nest Arena, California State University, Los Angeles - judo
• Olympic (McDonald's) Swim Stadium, University of Southern California - swimming, diving, synchronized swimming
• Olympic Village (athlete housing), University of Southern California
• Los Angeles Tennis Center, University of California, Los Angeles - tennis
• Athletes Village, University of California, Los Angeles
• Albert Gersten Pavilion, Loyola Marymount University, Westchester, California - weightlifting

Southern California venues

• El Dorado Park, Long Beach, California - archery
• The Forum, Inglewood, California - basketball
• Lake Casitas, Ventura County, California - canoeing, rowing
• Olympic (7-Eleven) Velodrome, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, California - cycling
• Mission Viejo, Orange County, California - road course cycling
• Santa Anita Park, Arcadia, California - equestrian sports
• Long Beach Convention Center, Long Beach, California - fencing
• Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California - football/soccer
• Titan Gymnasium, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California - handball
• Weingart Stadium, East Los Angeles College, Monterey Park, California - field hockey
• Coto de Caza, Orange County, California - modern pentathlon
• Olympic Shooting Range, Prado Recreational Area, Chino, California - shooting
• Long Beach Arena, Long Beach, California - volleyball
• Raleigh Runnels Memorial Pool, Pepperdine University, Malibu, California - water polo
• Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, California - wrestling
• Long Beach Shoreline Marina and Harbor, Long Beach, California - yachting

Other venues

• Harvard Stadium, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts - football/soccer preliminaries
• Navy-Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland - football/soccer preliminaries
• Stanford Stadium, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California - football/soccer preliminaries

Medals awarded

See the medal winners, ordered by sport:

Demonstration sports

• Baseball
• Tennis

Medal table

Main article: 1984 Summer Olympics medal table

These are the top medal-collecting nations for the 1984 Games. (Host country is highlighted).

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	United States	83	61	30	174
2	Romania	20	16	17	53
3	West Germany	17	19	23	59
4	China	15	8	9	32
5	Italy	14	6	12	32
6	Canada	10	18	16	44
7	Japan	10	8	14	32
8	New Zealand	8	1	2	11
9	Yugoslavia	7	4	7	18
10	South Korea	6	6	7	19

Participating nations

Participating nations

Athletes from 140 nations competed at the Los Angeles Games. The following countries made their first Olympic appearance in 1984: Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Virgin Islands, People's Republic of China, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Grenada, Mauritania, Mauritius, North Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Soloman Islands, Tonga, and the United Arab Emirates.

Though a Warsaw Pact country, Romania (then ruled by Nicolae Ceauşescu) did not boycott the Games. Given the Warsaw Pact nations that boycotted the 1984 Olympic Games did so under heavy pressure from the Soviet Union, the fact that Romania opted to compete despite Soviet demands led to a warm reception of the Romanian team by the United States. When the Romanian athletes entered during the opening ceremonies, they received an exuberant standing ovation from the spectators, which comprised mostly U.S. citizens. Romania won 53 medals (including 20 golds), more than the nation has in any other Olympics.

Boycotting countries

Boycotting countries shown in red and orange

14 countries took part in the Soviet led boycott of the 1984 Olympic Games [1]:

•  Afghanistan
•  Angola
•  Bulgaria
•  Cuba
•  Czechoslovakia
•  East Germany
•  Ethiopia
•  Hungary
•  Laos
•  Mongolia
•  North Korea
•  Poland
•  Soviet Union
•  Vietnam

 Iran and  Libya also boycotted the games, citing political reasons, but were not a part of the Soviet led boycott.

Los Angeles as host city

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Newspaper vending machine bringing news of the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Following the news of the massive financial losses of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, only Los Angeles and for a brief time Tehran expressed interest in hosting the 1984 games. This was seen as a major threat to the future of the Olympic Games. However, with the financially successful Los Angeles Games, cities began to line up to be hosts again. The Los Angeles and Montreal Games are seen as examples of what to do and what not to do when organizing the Olympics, and serve as object lessons to prospective host cities. While Montreal organizers ran up a substantial debt eight years earlier by constructing many new, overly ambitiously designed venues, the Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee relied heavily on the use of area venues that were already in existence. The Olympic Velodrome and the Olympic Swim Stadium, funded largely by the 7-Eleven and McDonald's corporations respectively, were the only two new venues constructed specifically for the L.A. Games. The resulting low construction costs, coupled with a heavy reliance on private corporate funding, allowed the Games to generate a profit of more than $200 million, making them by far the most financially successful in history. ³ The absence of the Soviet Bloc, and the domination by the American team, was also instrumental in making these Olympics a financial success.

In popular culture

McDonald's ran a promotion entitled "When the U.S. Wins, You Win" where customers scratched off a ticket and if the U.S. won that event then they would be given a free menu item: a Big Mac for a gold medal, an order of french fries for a silver medal, and a Coca-Cola for a bronze medal. The promotion became a near financial disaster due to the Soviet boycott which led to the U.S. winning far more Olympic medals than expected.⁴

This promotion was parodied in the The Simpsons episode "Lisa's First Word", where Krusty Burger runs a similar offer. The promotion was intended to be rigged so that prizes would only be offered in events dominated by the Eastern Bloc, but the Soviet-led boycott causes Krusty to personally lose 44 million dollars. He vehemently promises "to spit in every fiftieth burger", to which Homer retorts "I like those odds!" Chief Wiggum also exclaims that he could kiss Carl Lewis, who won four gold medals at the Games.

Also, in 1983, a year before the Olympics were to begin, one of Snoopy's siblings, Spike sent Snoopy a letter that the Olympics were being moved to Needles, California. Of course, Spike's cactus told him that rumor.

References

See also

• 1984 Summer Paralympics
• International Olympic Committee
• IOC country codes

Olympics with significant boycotts

• 1976 Summer Olympics – Montreal, Quebec, Canada — African boycott
• 1980 Summer Olympics – Moscow, Russia, USSR — US-led boycott
• 1984 Summer Olympics – Los Angeles, California, U.S. — Soviet-led boycott

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1984 Summer Olympics

• IOC Site on 1984 Summer Olympics
• Olympic Review 1984 - Official results
• Official Report Vol. 1
• Official Report Vol. 2
• Video of President Reagan declaring games open, and torch-lighting by Rafer Johnson

• Whitakers Olympic Almanack 2004 ISBN 0-7136-6724-9.
• Bill Henry,An Approved History of the Olympic Games,ISBN 0-88284-243-9.
• Greg Andranovich, Matthew J. Burbank, Charles H. Heying, "Olympic cities: lessons learned from Mega-Event Politics", Journal of Urban Affairs, Vol. 23-2, 2001.