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Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation |
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The Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive was mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in northern Finland and Norway. The offensive defeated the Wehrmacht's forces in the Arctic, driving them back into Norway, and was called the "Tenth Shock" by Stalin. It later liberated the northern part of Norway from German occupation and seized the nickel mines of Peschenga.
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Following the failure of the Wehrmacht’s Operation Silver Fox in summer 1941, the frontline in the Arctic had seen little change. The environmental and supply conditions made it difficult, if not impossible, to undertake major military operations, and as far as land warfare was concerned, the Arctic had become a back-water. Sizable German forces were kept in the sector to protect the Finnish nickel mines of Petsamo, which produced a metal that was of high importance to German armour plate fabrication, and to protect the coast of northern Norway against an Allied landing operation.
Following the armistice between the Soviet Union and Finland on 4 September 1944, the Finnish government agreed to remove the remaining German forces from its territory by 15 September. During the retreat operations of the German 20th Mountain Army called Operation Birke, a decision was taken by the German Armed Forces Command to withdraw completely from northern Norway and Finland in Operation Nordlicht. During the preparations for this retreat operation, the Karelian Front went over to the offensive.
Following the highly successful offensive operations along the whole of the frontline, the Stavka decided to move against the German forces in the Arctic in late 1944. The operation was to be undertaken jointly by Karelian Front under the command of K.A. Meretskov and Northern Fleet under Admiral Golovko. The main operations were to be conducted by 14th Army, which had been in the Arctic since the beginning of the war.
The offensive can be divided into three phases, the breakthrough of the German position, the pursuit to Kirkenes, and the battle for Kirkenes including by the southward pursuit following it. During the offensive several amphibious landings were conducted by the naval infantry and army units.
The offensive ended in a complete victory for the Red Army. The Soviet commander Meretskov was promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union, and was given a prominent command during the Red Army's attack on Japanese held Manchuria, in August 1945.
The Petsamo–Kirkenes Operation is notable in that it was the last, major successful offensive in an Arctic environment. It has been studied intensively in the Red Army for this reason.
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