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The President of Brazil is both the head of state and head of government of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The presidential system was established in 1889, upon the proclamation of the republic in a military coup d'etât against the Emperor Pedro II. Since then, Brazil had six constitutions, two dictatorships and three democratic periods. During these democratic periods, voting has always been compulsory.

The current president is Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, from the Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party), elected in 2002 for the 2003–2006 term, re-elected for the 2007–2010 term. He received the most votes of any president in Brazil until then, receiving 56.7 million votes. In the 2006 presidential elections held on October 1, 2006, he received 58.2 million votes.

General description

The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 along with several constitutional amendments, establishes the requirements, powers and responsibilities of the president, as well as the term of office and method of election.

Duties and powers

As a presidential republic, Brazil grants significant powers to the President. He effectively controls the government, represents the country abroad, and appoints the Cabinet and judges for the Supreme Federal Tribunal. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.

Presidents in Brazil also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress, or by using the instrument of the Medidas Provisórias, a law that comes into effect immediately, for a specific span of time, before the Congress can vote on it.

Article 84 of the current Constitution, determines that the President shall have the exclusive power to:

1. appoint and dismiss the Ministers of State:
2. exercise, with the assistance of the Ministers of State, the higher management of the federal administration;
3. start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in this Constitution;
4. sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;
5. veto bills, wholly or in part;
6. provide, by means of decree, on organization and structure of federal administration, in the cases where there is neither increase of expenses nor creation or extinction of public agencies; and extinction of offices or positions, when not held;
7. maintain relations with foreign States and to accredit their diplomatic representatives;
8. conclude international treaties, conventions and acts, ad referendum of the National Congress;
9. decree the state of defense and the state of siege;
10. decree and enforce federal intervention;
11. upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the National Congress, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary;
12. grant pardons and reduce sentences, after hearing the entities instituted by law, if necessary;
13. exercise the supreme command of the Armed Forces, appoint the commanders of Navy, Army and Air Force, to promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them;
14. appoint, after approval by the Senate, the Justices of the Supreme Federal Court and those of the superior courts, the Governors of the territories, the Attorney-General of the Republic, the President and the Directors of the Central Bank and other civil servants, when established by law;
15. appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the Federal Court of Accounts;
16. appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the Advocate-General of the Union;
17. appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII;
18. call and preside over the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council;
19. declare war, in the event of foreign aggression, authorized by the National Congress or confirmed by it, whenever it occurs between legislative sessions and, under the same conditions, to decree full or partial national mobilization;
20. make peace, authorized or confirmed by the National Congress;
21. award decorations and honorary distinctions;
22. permit, in the cases set forth by supplementary law, foreign forces to pass through the national territory, or to remain temporarily therein;
23. submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;
24. render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session;
25. fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law;
26. issue provisional measures, with force of law, according to article 62;
27. perform other duties set forth in this Constitution.

Requirements to hold office

According to the 1988 Constitution, the president must be a native-born citizen of Brazil, be at least 35 years of age, be a resident in Brazil, be an elector, have all the electoral rights and be inscribed in a political party (write-in candidates are forbidden).

Term of office

Currently the president serves his second four-year term without the possibility of reelection for another term sequentially. The reelection for executive posts has existed since 1997, when the Amendment nº 16 was passed.

Privileges of office

While in office, the president is entitled to use the official residences - the Palácio da Alvorada and Granja do Torto as his living quarters, the Palácio Rio Negro as his retreat, and the Palácio do Planalto as his workplace. The president is also entitled a personal staff, consisting of medical and security personnel, secretaries and assistants. Furthermore, the president has at his disposal two custom-built aircraft, including the FAB 001 "Brazilian Air Force One" - designed to allow the president to fully conduct his duties from the air, along with helicopters and official vehicles.

Office-holders

Main article: List of Presidents of Brazil

1º Deodoro da Fonseca 1889–1891	2º Floriano Peixoto 1891–1894	3º Prudente de Morais 1894–1898	4º Campos Sales 1898–1902
5º Rodrigues Alves 1902–1906	6º Afonso Pena 1906–1909	7º Nilo Peçanha 1909–1910	8º Hermes da Fonseca 1910–1914
9º Venceslau Brás 1914–1918	· Rodrigues Alves Did not take office	10º Delfim Moreira 1918–1919	11º Epitácio Pessoa 1919–1922
12º Artur Bernardes 1922–1926	13º Washington Luís 1926–1930	· Júlio Prestes Did not take office	· military junta 1930
14º Getúlio Vargas 1930–1945	15º José Linhares 1945–1946	16º Gaspar Dutra 1946–1951	17º Getúlio Vargas 1951–1954
18º Café Filho 1954–1955	19º Carlos Luz 1955	20º Nereu Ramos 1955–1956	21º Juscelino Kubitschek 1956–1961
22º Jânio Quadros 1961	23º Ranieri Mazzilli 1961	24º João Goulart 1961–1964	25º Ranieri Mazzilli 1964
26º Castelo Branco 1964–1967	27º Costa e Silva 1967–1969	· Military Junta 1969	28º Emílio Médici 1969–1974
29º Ernesto Geisel 1974–1979	30º João Figueiredo 1979–1985	· Tancredo Neves Did not take office	31º José Sarney 1985–1990
32º Fernando Collor 1990–1992	33º Itamar Franco 1992–1995	34º Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1995–2003	35º Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2003–– in office

Latest election

References

• "Galeria dos Presidentes - informações históricas" (in Portuguese). Presidência da República. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
• "Federal Constitution of 1988" (in Portuguese). Presidência da República. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.
• "New Air Force One for President Lula". Mercopress. Retrieved on 2006-07-06.
• "Centro de Informação de Acervos dos Presidentes da República" (in Portuguese). Arquivo Nacional. Retrieved on 2007-04-25.

See also

• List of Presidents of Brazil
• Brazilian General Elections, 2006
• Politics of Brazil
• Cabinet of Brazil
• Vice-President of Brazil
• FAB Uno

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Presidents of Brazil

• Official website of the Presidency of the Republic (Portuguese)
• Official website of the National Archives of Brazil, featuring detailed information on every presidential administration (Portuguese)
• Museum of the Republic (Portuguese)
• Presidents of Brazil 1889-2006

v • d • e Presidents of Brazil Old republic Deodoro da Fonseca · Floriano Peixoto · Prudente de Morais · Campos Sales · Rodrigues Alves · Afonso Pena · Nilo Peçanha · Hermes da Fonseca · Venceslau Brás · Delfim Moreira · Epitácio Pessoa · Artur Bernardes · Washington Luís · Júlio Prestes · Mena Barreto · Isaías de Noronha Vargas era Augusto Fragoso · Getúlio Vargas · José Linhares Republic of 1946 Eurico Gaspar Dutra · João Café Filho · Carlos Coimbra da Luz · Nereu de Oliveira · Juscelino Kubitschek · Jânio Quadros · Ranieri Mazzilli · João Goulart Military dictatorship Castelo Branco · Artur da Costa e Silva · Aurélio de Lira Tavares · Augusto Rademaker · Márcio Melo · Emílio Garrastazu Médici · Ernesto Geisel · João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo New republic Tancredo Neves · José Sarney · Fernando Collor · Itamar Franco · Fernando Henrique Cardoso · Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva